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In the following figure,m is the mutation rate from allele A₁,which produces a functional protein,to A₂,an allele that fails to produce a functional protein.The reverse mutation rate,n,describes the mutation rate from A₂,the nonfunctioning allele,to A₁,the functional protein allele.Why would one expect the value of m to be much higher than the value of n at this locus? In the following figure,m is the mutation rate from allele A₁,which produces a functional protein,to A₂,an allele that fails to produce a functional protein.The reverse mutation rate,n,describes the mutation rate from A₂,the nonfunctioning allele,to A₁,the functional protein allele.Why would one expect the value of m to be much higher than the value of n at this locus?

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Because there are many ways to...

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Consider a population of crickets in which the A and a alleles at a single locus control the shape of the male and female reproductive organs.Males that are AA can only mate with females that are aa,and vice versa.Heterozygous individuals can mate with either homozygous group.After many generations of selection,the two alleles will reach a(n) _________ equilibrium due to _________ frequency dependent selection.


A) stable; negative
B) balanced; negative
C) unstable; positive
D) stable; directional
E) unstable; negative

F) A) and D)
G) B) and D)

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The figure above documents the changing allelic frequency of the sinistral morph of a Lake Tangyanikan cichlid.This figure is an example of A) positive frequency dependent selection. B) negative frequency dependent selection. C) overdominance. D) balancing selection. E) B and D The figure above documents the changing allelic frequency of the sinistral morph of a Lake Tangyanikan cichlid.This figure is an example of


A) positive frequency dependent selection.
B) negative frequency dependent selection.
C) overdominance.
D) balancing selection.
E) B and D

F) A) and E)
G) B) and C)

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In the figure below,what will be the equilibrium frequency of A₁ on the island? In the figure below,what will be the equilibrium frequency of A₁ on the island? A) 0.3 B) 0.7 C) 0.8 D) 0.2 E) 0.1


A) 0.3
B) 0.7
C) 0.8
D) 0.2
E) 0.1

F) A) and E)
G) B) and D)

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If no evolutionary force acts on a population besides mutation,genotype frequencies will


A) remain the same over time.
B) increase over time.
C) decrease over time.
D) always be in the Hardy-Weinberg proportions.
E) None of the above

F) A) and B)
G) C) and D)

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When Takata et al.2002 examined allele and genotype frequencies at the myoglobin locus in a Japanese population,the observed and expected genotypic frequencies were very similar.Had they been very different,what could one conclude about this locus in this population?

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The population is no...

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Disassortative mating may be beneficial because


A) it will likely reduce the probability of a deleterious recessive being expressed.
B) it will maximize the genetic diversity in the offspring.
C) it makes it easier to find a mate.
D) A and B
E) All of the above

F) B) and D)
G) D) and E)

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D

Name three predictions generated from the Hardy-Weinberg model.

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In the absence of evolutionary forces ac...

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The figure above depicts the change in p over time when the forward mutation rate is twice the reverse mutation rate.This results in a p equilibrium frequency that approaches 0.333.If the forward mutation rate was four times as fast as the reverse mutation rate,one would expect the equilibrium value of p to be A) stable. B) unstable. C) lower than 0.33. D) higher than 0.33. E) A and C The figure above depicts the change in p over time when the forward mutation rate is twice the reverse mutation rate.This results in a p equilibrium frequency that approaches 0.333.If the forward mutation rate was four times as fast as the reverse mutation rate,one would expect the equilibrium value of p to be


A) stable.
B) unstable.
C) lower than 0.33.
D) higher than 0.33.
E) A and C

F) All of the above
G) None of the above

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Consider a sample of 100 individuals sampled from a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium that are genotyped at a single locus.Of these 100 individuals,25 individuals are A₁A₁ homozygotes,45 are A₁A₂ heterozygotes,and 30 are A₂A₂ homozygotes.List the observed and expected genotypic frequencies of this locus in this sample.

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Observed genotype frequencies:A₁A₁ = 25/...

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Consider a locus in which the fitness of AA and Aa genotypes are greater than the fitness of aa genotype.In addition,this locus experiences forward mutation from the A allele to a allele.At this locus,the A allele will


A) always go to fixation.
B) always be lost.
C) never go to fixation.
D) never change.
E) None of the above

F) B) and C)
G) B) and E)

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Two gene copies are identical by descent if


A) two individuals have the same parents.
B) one allele mutates to a second allele.
C) selfing occurs.
D) they are both inherited from the same gene copy in a recent common ancestor.
E) balancing selection maintains two or more alleles.

F) All of the above
G) B) and E)

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When a population is in a neutral equilibrium,a small change causes the population to


A) return to its starting position.
B) move farther away from its starting point.
C) remain at its displaced position.
D) A and B
E) A and C

F) A) and D)
G) C) and E)

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Which assumption of the Hardy-Weinberg model is being presented in the figure below? Which assumption of the Hardy-Weinberg model is being presented in the figure below? A) Random mating B) Selfing C) Migration D) Mutation E) Selection


A) Random mating
B) Selfing
C) Migration
D) Mutation
E) Selection

F) A) and D)
G) All of the above

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Consider a diploid population in which a single locus has only two alleles,A₁ and A₂,whose respective allele frequencies equal p and q.The summation of p+q would equal


A) 0.25
B) 0.5
C) 1
D) 1.5
E) 2

F) C) and D)
G) B) and D)

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C

The figure below demonstrates that The figure below demonstrates that A) frequency dependent selection results in a stable polymorphism. B) the frequency of the A₁ allele (p) will always go to fixation. C) the frequency of the A₁ allele (p) will always go to zero. D) the frequency of the A₁ allele (p) may go to one or zero depending on the initial value of p. E) frequency selection leads to the random loss of alleles.


A) frequency dependent selection results in a stable polymorphism.
B) the frequency of the A₁ allele (p) will always go to fixation.
C) the frequency of the A₁ allele (p) will always go to zero.
D) the frequency of the A₁ allele (p) may go to one or zero depending on the initial value of p.
E) frequency selection leads to the random loss of alleles.

F) A) and C)
G) B) and E)

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Assume a biallelic locus in a diploid population has the genotype frequencies: A₁A₁ = 0.59; A₁A₂ = 0.16; and A₂A₂ = 0.25.What is the observed allele frequency (p) of the A₁ allele?


A) 0.59
B) 0.16
C) 0.25
D) 0.67
E) 0.33

F) A) and B)
G) A) and E)

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D

Which of the bar graphs in the figure below depicts data regarding a beneficial mutation that will become fixed most rapidly? Which of the bar graphs in the figure below depicts data regarding a beneficial mutation that will become fixed most rapidly? A) Graph A B) Graph B C) Graph C D) Cannot be determined from the information provided E) None of the above


A) Graph A
B) Graph B
C) Graph C
D) Cannot be determined from the information provided
E) None of the above

F) A) and B)
G) None of the above

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Consider a human illness in which individuals homozygous for a deleterious,recessive allele suffer from a disease with a selection coefficient of s = 0.85 (i.e.,a relative fitness of 0.15).At equilibrium,the nondeleterious allele has a population frequency of 0.95.What is the mutation rate from the healthy allele to the deleterious allele?

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Hardy and Punnett were two of the founders of which biological field of study?


A) Quantitative genetics
B) Qualitative genetics
C) Population genetics
D) Molecular genetics
E) None of the above

F) A) and C)
G) A) and E)

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